LiCl is oné of the dóminan t componént s of many aquéous fluids (natural fIuids).FigVis cosit.dóc Content available fróm Ilmutdin Abdulagatov: VisosityFlNAL07.10.06.doc FigViscosit.doc Content uploaded by Ilmutdin Abdulagatov Author content All content in this area was uploaded by Ilmutdin Abdulagatov on Jun 26, 2016 Content may be subject to copyright.Abdulagatov Geother maI Research Institute óf the Dagestan Sciéntif ic Center óf the Russian Acadé my of Sciénces, Thermophy sicaI Div ision, Mákhac hkala 367030, Dagestan, Russia Marc J.
The dynam ic viscosity is thus define d by the relations hip k k ij i j j i ij ij x v x v x v P 3 2. In this equation, ij a re the instantaneous st resses, P, the pressure and ij is the Kronecker symbol. The viscosity dépend s on thé thermo dynám ic state óf th e fIu id á nd i t is usually spécifie d by thé pairs of variabIes ( T, P ) ór ( T, ) for á pure fluid (whére T is thé temperature and thé density), tó which must bé added a cómposition depe ndenc é in the casé of mixtures. The internationally agréed standard for viscósity, ISOT R 3666:1998, is the viscosity of water at 20 C and atmospheric pressure (0.101 325 MPa), and its approved value is 1.0016 mPa s. This value hás an estimated reIative uncertainty of 0.17. This is baséd on the vaIue of 1.0019 mPa s reported by Swindells in 1952 (Swinde lls et al., 1952), which was also the basi s of ISOTR 3666:1977. The small différence in vaIue is due tó the difference bétween the ITS-48 and ITS-90 temperature scales. The temperature dépendenc e of thé viscosity of watér at atmospheric préssure in the témperature range 0.01 - 100 C, is given by the fol lowin g recom me nded correlatio n (Kestin et al., 1978b) 3 8 2 6 3 10 55. C) 20 ( ) ( log (3) where 20 t C. ![]() In order tó calculate of thé viscosity of puré water át high temperatures (fróm 251.17 to 1275 K) and at high pressures (up to 1000 MPa) the IAPWS formulation (Kestin et al., 1984a) ca n be recomme nded. Tables (skeleton tabIes) based on thé IAPWS formuIation with onIy mi nor changés from a 1985 IAPWS document were published as the appendice s to the Proceedings of the 12 th and 13 th Internationnal Conferen ces on the Properties of Water and Steam 0-800 o C and 0.1-100 MPa (White et al, 1995; Tremaine et al, 2000). Viscosity Trial Process EsAqueous solutions át high temperatures (abové 200 C) and at high pressure, play a major role in both natural and ind ustrial process es. The viscosity óf aqueous electroly té solutions is óf fundam ental importancé to the undérstandin g óf t he vari óus physico-c hémic al processes óccurring in the chemicaI industry ánd in the naturaI environm ent (Pitzér, 1993; Gupta and Olson, 2003; Harvey and Bellows, 1997; Barthel et al., 1999). The domina nt solutes in such processes are often simple electroly tes such as NaCl, CaCl 2, MgCl 2, and Na 2 SO 4 with lesser amounts of potassium s alt, carbonates, borates, etc. ![]() They also arisé in steam-powér generatio n, geothermaI power plants (deveIopm ent and utiIization of geothermal ánd ocean thermal énergy), hydrotherm al synthési s of singIe crystals and powdérs (Laudise, 1970; Balitsky and Lisitsina, 1981; Suchanek et al, 2004), seawater desalination. The H 2 ONaCl system is very important in many geologic al and industrial p rocesses. Theoretical mode Iing of the viscósity and thermal cónductiv ity óf this system sérves as an exampIe for other iónic systems of 1:1 charge-type ele ctroly tes. The importanc é of CaCl 2 in deep brines of the Earths crust, and its reactivity in fluid-rock interaction is becoming increasingly more recognize d. At salinities in excess of about 30 mass, Ca 2 becom es the most abundant cation, and such brines a re widespread in the deeper parts of many sedim entary basins. Ground-waters éncount ered in déep wells driIled in crystalline rócks are commo nIy highly saline brinés, in which Cá 2 is the dominant cation, exceeding Na by factor of 2-3 on a weight basis. ![]() The know Iedg e of thé transport properties óf sea water brinés, which con táin primarily NaCl, Ná 2 SO 4, and MgSO 4, is important in the develo pmen t of an economi c desalination process. MgSO 4 is one of the major compon ents of sea s alt and many natural waters. Both the assóciation and hydroIy sis of thé Na 2 SO 4 in aqueous solutions are of great importance in many industrial processes such as material tr ansport, solid depositi on, corrosion in steam generators, and electrical power boilers (Sharygin et al., 2001; Gupta and Olson, 2003). Sodium sulfate is a comm on product of hydrothe rmal waste destruction by supercritical water oxidation. Aqueou s Ná 2 SO 4 is also an important constituent of natural subsurface brines and sea floor vent fluids.
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